I can review the module: order and buy, say “may I / not allowed”, tell “this” from “in general”, and say what happened yesterday.
What we review
What we review
There are no new rules here — only what was in the module.
• Which thing: a definite one takes the ending -ı (bu çayı, Annanı), a thing in general doesn't; after sevmək and xoşlamaq, always the ending.
• Want, need, may: … istəyirəm; Mənə … lazımdır; … -maq olar? / olmaz.
• Prices: … neçəyədir? Pieces — dənə, several — bir neçə; after a number, no -lar.
• What has already happened — the past tense in -dı: dünən, keçən həftə. It has its own personal endings: yazıram — yazdım (see the table).
• The six cases and the pronoun forms are in the tables.
• ət — meat, et! — do it!; düz — straight, duz — salt. The written check treats ə as e and ü as u, so these pairs are checked by choice.
The module is over: now you order in a café, shop at the market and in stores, and say what you did yesterday.
Two sets of personal endings
Now and usually — -ır with the endings -am, -san…; already happened — -dı with the endings -m, -n…
| Person | Now, usually (-ır) | Already happened (-dı) |
|---|---|---|
| mən | yazıram | yazdım |
| sən | yazırsan | yazdın |
| o | yazır | yazdı |
| biz | yazırıq | yazdıq |
| siz | yazırsınız | yazdınız |
| onlar | yazırlar | yazdılar |
The six cases
The ending is chosen by the last vowel of the word; after a vowel come the linking n and y.
| Question | ev | Bakı |
|---|---|---|
| who? what? | ev | Bakı |
| whose? | evin | Bakının |
| where to? to whom? | evə | Bakıya |
| whom? what? (definite) | evi | Bakını |
| where? | evdə | Bakıda |
| where from? | evdən | Bakıdan |
Pronoun forms by case
The same endings as for nouns; for “I” and “we”, “whose?” is mənim, bizim.
| who → whose? | to whom? where to? | whom? | where? with whom? | from whom? where from? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mən → mənim | mənə | məni | məndə | məndən |
| sən → sənin | sənə | səni | səndə | səndən |
| o → onun | ona | onu | onda | ondan |
| biz → bizim | bizə | bizi | bizdə | bizdən |
| siz → sizin | sizə | sizi | sizdə | sizdən |
| onlar → onların | onlara | onları | onlarda | onlardan |
Lesson notes
What we review
There are no new rules here — only what was in the module.
• Which thing: a definite one takes the ending -ı (bu çayı, Annanı), a thing in general doesn't; after sevmək and xoşlamaq, always the ending.
• Want, need, may: … istəyirəm; Mənə … lazımdır; … -maq olar? / olmaz.
• Prices: … neçəyədir? Pieces — dənə, several — bir neçə; after a number, no -lar.
• What has already happened — the past tense in -dı: dünən, keçən həftə. It has its own personal endings: yazıram — yazdım (see the table).
• The six cases and the pronoun forms are in the tables.
• ət — meat, et! — do it!; düz — straight, duz — salt. The written check treats ə as e and ü as u, so these pairs are checked by choice.
The module is over: now you order in a café, shop at the market and in stores, and say what you did yesterday.