I can test myself on “bread in general ↔ this bread”, the six cases and the pronoun forms, “I need” and “I like”, prices and ordering, and “usually” ↔ “right now”.
What we review
What we review
There are no new words or rules in this lesson — test yourself.
• Two presents. “Usually, every day” — ishlayman; “right now, at the moment of speaking” — ishlayapman. The time words tell you which: har kuni, odatda, doim — or hozir, hali.
• The six cases are in the second table: the question tells you the ending.
• Pronoun forms are in the third table. With bilan, uchun, haqida there is no ending: men bilan.
• The endings go one after another: kitob + lar + im + ni = kitoblarimni (my books, as a definite object); doʻst + lar + imiz + ga = doʻstlarimizga (to our friends).
• “I need” and “I like”: menga … kerak, menga … yoqadi.
• Something in general has no ending; this particular one takes -ni.
Two present tenses
Time words: har kuni, odatda, doim — or hozir, hali.
| Who | usually, every day | right now |
|---|---|---|
| men | ishlayman | ishlayapman |
| sen | ishlaysan | ishlayapsan |
| siz | ishlaysiz | ishlayapsiz |
| u | ishlaydi | ishlayapti |
| biz | ishlaymiz | ishlayapmiz |
| sizlar | ishlaysizlar | ishlayapsizlar |
| ular | ishlaydi | ishlayapti |
The six cases
The ending is the same for all words; only “to whom? where to?” has three variants.
| Question | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| kim? nima? — who? what? | none | kitob |
| kimning? — whose? | -ning | Rustamning |
| kimni? nimani? — whom? what exactly? | -ni | kitobni |
| kimga? qayerga? — to whom? where to? | -ga / -ka / -qa | bozorga, bankka, qishloqqa |
| qayerda? kimda? — where? who has it? | -da | bozorda |
| qayerdan? kimdan? — where from? from whom? | -dan | bozordan |
Pronoun forms by case
With bilan, uchun, haqida the pronoun takes no ending: men bilan.
| Who → whose | whom | to whom | who has | from whom |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| men → mening | meni | menga | menda | mendan |
| sen → sening | seni | senga | senda | sendan |
| siz → sizning | sizni | sizga | sizda | sizdan |
| u → uning | uni | unga | unda | undan |
| biz → bizning | bizni | bizga | bizda | bizdan |
| sizlar → sizlarning | sizlarni | sizlarga | sizlarda | sizlardan |
| ular → ularning | ularni | ularga | ularda | ulardan |
Lesson notes
What we review
There are no new words or rules in this lesson — test yourself.
• Two presents. “Usually, every day” — ishlayman; “right now, at the moment of speaking” — ishlayapman. The time words tell you which: har kuni, odatda, doim — or hozir, hali.
• The six cases are in the second table: the question tells you the ending.
• Pronoun forms are in the third table. With bilan, uchun, haqida there is no ending: men bilan.
• The endings go one after another: kitob + lar + im + ni = kitoblarimni (my books, as a definite object); doʻst + lar + imiz + ga = doʻstlarimizga (to our friends).
• “I need” and “I like”: menga … kerak, menga … yoqadi.
• Something in general has no ending; this particular one takes -ni.