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Lesson 3. Yesterday and on the weekend: the past tense -았 / 었-

I can say what I did yesterday and on the weekend — 어제 친구 집에 갔어요, 주말에 사진을 찍었어요 — and say what I haven't done yet: 아직 안 먹었어요.

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What already happened: -았 / 었-

What already happened: -았 / 었-

What for: to talk about what has already happened. Time words point to the past: 어제, 주말에, 지난주에, 지난달에, 작년에 (table). 어제 and 그저께 take no 에, like 오늘 and 내일. Form: take the 해요체 form and replace -요 with -ㅆ어요: 가요 → 갔어요, 봐요 → 봤어요, 마셔요 → 마셨어요, 해요 → 했어요, 추워요 → 추웠어요. If the stem ends in a 받침: with ㅏ or ㅗ in it — -았어요 (놀았어요), with other vowels — -었어요 (먹었어요, 웃었어요). A stem ending in ㅐ merges completely: 지내요 → 지냈어요. “To be” in the past: after a 받침 — 이었어요 (학생이었어요), after a vowel — 였어요 (의사였어요). Negative: 안 갔어요 = 가지 않았어요. 아직 안 + the past means “not yet”: 아직 안 왔어요. English says “hasn't come yet”; Korean uses the past. Common mistakes: • NOT “가았어요” → 갔어요. • NOT “먹았어요” → 먹었어요. • NOT “어제에” → 어제. • NOT “학생였어요” → 학생이었어요.
When it happened

어제 and 그저께 take no 에, like 오늘 and 내일.

Time wordIn EnglishWith 에?
어제yesterdaywithout 에
그저께the day before yesterdaywithout 에
주말에on the weekendwith 에
지난주에last weekwith 에
지난달에last monthwith 에
작년에 / 지난해에last yearwith 에
From 해요체 to the past

Take the 해요체 form and replace -요 with -ㅆ어요.

Dictionary form해요체Past
가다가요갔어요
오다와요왔어요
마시다마셔요마셨어요
배우다배워요배웠어요
먹다먹어요먹었어요
하다해요했어요
쓰다써요썼어요
춥다추워요추웠어요
지내다지내요지냈어요
학생이다학생이에요학생이었어요
의사다의사예요의사였어요
Lesson notes
What already happened: -았 / 었-
What for: to talk about what has already happened. Time words point to the past: 어제, 주말에, 지난주에, 지난달에, 작년에 (table). 어제 and 그저께 take no 에, like 오늘 and 내일. Form: take the 해요체 form and replace -요 with -ㅆ어요: 가요 → 갔어요, 봐요 → 봤어요, 마셔요 → 마셨어요, 해요 → 했어요, 추워요 → 추웠어요. If the stem ends in a 받침: with ㅏ or ㅗ in it — -았어요 (놀았어요), with other vowels — -었어요 (먹었어요, 웃었어요). A stem ending in ㅐ merges completely: 지내요 → 지냈어요. “To be” in the past: after a 받침 — 이었어요 (학생이었어요), after a vowel — 였어요 (의사였어요). Negative: 안 갔어요 = 가지 않았어요. 아직 안 + the past means “not yet”: 아직 안 왔어요. English says “hasn't come yet”; Korean uses the past. Common mistakes: • NOT “가았어요” → 갔어요. • NOT “먹았어요” → 먹었어요. • NOT “어제에” → 어제. • NOT “학생였어요” → 학생이었어요.
Lesson 3. Yesterday and on the weekend: the past tense -았 / 었- — Korean from zero to A1