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Lesson 3. Aylar ve tarih: months, seasons, dates, and ordinal numbers

I can name the month and the season, say “in May” and “in summer”, give a date and my birthday — beş Nisan, doğum günüm — and say which one in order: birinci, ikinci, üçüncü.

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Months, seasons, and “which one in order”: ordinal numbers

Months, seasons, and “which one in order”: ordinal numbers

“In April, in February”: the month takes the locative ending, like a word in the Nerede? question: nisanda, şubatta, evde. Seasons have their own forms: yazın “in summer”, kışın “in winter”, but ilkbaharda, sonbaharda. Ordinal numbers (“first, second”): the number + -ıncı / -inci / -uncu / -üncü; the last vowel of the number picks the vowel, as in the table. After a vowel the ending is shorter: iki → ikinci, altı → altıncı. dört changes its stem: dördüncü. In a compound number only the last word takes the ending: yirmi beş → yirmi beşinci. The question is kaçıncı? “First” is birinci or ilk; “last” is son (not a son). A date uses the plain number, not an ordinal: 5 Nisan — beş Nisan (English says “April 5th”). In a date the month has a capital letter, and the ending goes after an apostrophe: beş Nisan'da — “on April 5”. Otherwise months are lowercase, unlike English: nisanda. Birthday is doğum günü; “my” and “your” birthday: doğum günüm, doğum günün. Yaz means “summer”, ay both “month” and “moon”, tarih “date”. Common mistakes: • NOT “beşinci Nisan” → beş Nisan • NOT “yazda”, “kışta” → yazın, kışın • NOT “dörtüncü” → dördüncü
Twelve months

Month names are written with a small letter; in a date, with a capital.

Month№In English
ocak1January
şubat2February
mart3March
nisan4April
mayıs5May
haziran6June
temmuz7July
ağustos8August
eylül9September
ekim10October
kasım11November
aralık12December
Seasons

“In summer” and “in winter” are special words; “in spring” and “in fall” take the ordinary locative ending.

SeasonWordWhen?
springilkbaharilkbaharda
summeryazyazın
fallsonbaharsonbaharda
winterkışkışın
Which one in order

The number dört changes its stem: t → d. The other numbers follow the 2 × 2 table.

№NumberWhich one in order
1birbirinci
2ikiikinci
3üçüçüncü
4dörtdördüncü
5beşbeşinci
Which ending

The last vowel of the number chooses the ending. After a vowel, the first letter of the ending drops out.

The last vowel of the numberEndingExample
a, ı-ıncıaltı → altıncı
e, i-incibir → birinci
o, u-uncuon → onuncu
ö, ü-üncüüç → üçüncü
Lesson notes
Months, seasons, and “which one in order”: ordinal numbers
“In April, in February”: the month takes the locative ending, like a word in the Nerede? question: nisanda, şubatta, evde. Seasons have their own forms: yazın “in summer”, kışın “in winter”, but ilkbaharda, sonbaharda. Ordinal numbers (“first, second”): the number + -ıncı / -inci / -uncu / -üncü; the last vowel of the number picks the vowel, as in the table. After a vowel the ending is shorter: iki → ikinci, altı → altıncı. dört changes its stem: dördüncü. In a compound number only the last word takes the ending: yirmi beş → yirmi beşinci. The question is kaçıncı? “First” is birinci or ilk; “last” is son (not a son). A date uses the plain number, not an ordinal: 5 Nisan — beş Nisan (English says “April 5th”). In a date the month has a capital letter, and the ending goes after an apostrophe: beş Nisan'da — “on April 5”. Otherwise months are lowercase, unlike English: nisanda. Birthday is doğum günü; “my” and “your” birthday: doğum günüm, doğum günün. Yaz means “summer”, ay both “month” and “moon”, tarih “date”. Common mistakes: • NOT “beşinci Nisan” → beş Nisan • NOT “yazda”, “kışta” → yazın, kışın • NOT “dörtüncü” → dördüncü