I can review the module: what has already happened, which past participles are irregular, what you have to do and can't do, and how a personality trait differs from a state.
What we review
The module on one page
There are no new rules here — only what you already use.
• What has already happened and is linked to today — the present perfect (pretérito perfecto): haber + past participle, even where US English uses the simple past. Time expressions: hoy, esta mañana, esta semana, este mes, este año, ya, todavía no, alguna vez, nunca.
• Irregular past participles — hecho, visto, escrito, dicho, puesto, vuelto, abierto, roto, muerto.
• Obligation and prohibition — tener que for a specific person, hay que as a rule for everyone, (no) se puede for what is and isn't allowed.
• What someone is like and how they are today — ser + adjective versus estar + adjective; plus estar de buen humor and estar de mal humor.
The module in short: you can now talk about experiences and what you've already done, read notices with rules, and describe both a person's personality and their state.
The module on one page
The module's four topics: experience, irregular past participles, rules, and describing people.
| What we talk about | Form | Time expressions and models |
|---|---|---|
| What has already happened and matters now | haber + past participle | hoy, esta semana, este año, ya, todavía no |
| Experience: has it ever happened | haber + past participle | alguna vez, una vez, nunca |
| Nine irregular past participles | hecho · visto · escrito · dicho · puesto | vuelto · abierto · roto · muerto |
| A specific person's obligation | tener que + infinitive | Tengo que trabajar. |
| A rule for everyone | hay que + infinitive | Hay que leer las normas. |
| Can and can't | (no) se puede + infinitive | Aquí no se puede fumar. |
| What someone is like in general | ser + adjective | es amable, es trabajadora |
| How someone feels today | estar + adjective | está nervioso, está triste |
Lesson notes
The module on one page
There are no new rules here — only what you already use.
• What has already happened and is linked to today — the present perfect (pretérito perfecto): haber + past participle, even where US English uses the simple past. Time expressions: hoy, esta mañana, esta semana, este mes, este año, ya, todavía no, alguna vez, nunca.
• Irregular past participles — hecho, visto, escrito, dicho, puesto, vuelto, abierto, roto, muerto.
• Obligation and prohibition — tener que for a specific person, hay que as a rule for everyone, (no) se puede for what is and isn't allowed.
• What someone is like and how they are today — ser + adjective versus estar + adjective; plus estar de buen humor and estar de mal humor.
The module in short: you can now talk about experiences and what you've already done, read notices with rules, and describe both a person's personality and their state.