Выражать обязанность через must и have to, строить вопрос и отрицание have to через do и does и обозначать запрет словом mustn't.
Must, have to и mustn't
Обязанность и запрет
Must — обязанность, которую говорящий сам считает важной. Форма одна для всех лиц, после must глагол идёт без to: I must finish this report today.
Have to — обязанность из-за правил или обстоятельств; в третьем лице единственного числа — has to:
• I have to work on Saturday.
• She has to wear a uniform at school.
Вопрос и отрицание у have to строятся через do и does:
• Do you have to show a passport here?
• Does he have to take an exam in June?
• Children don't have to pay (не обязаны платить).
Mustn't — запрет, «нельзя»:
• You mustn't smoke in the hospital.
• You mustn't use a phone during an exam.
Так неправильно:
• NOT «She must to go» → «She must go».
• NOT «She haves to work» → «She has to work».
• NOT «Have you to work?» → «Do you have to work?».
Совет, обязанность или запрет?
| Форма | Смысл | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| should | совет | You should rest. |
| must | сильная обязанность | I must finish this. |
| have to | правило / обстоятельства | She has to wear a uniform. |
| mustn't | запрещено | You mustn't smoke here. |
| don't have to | не обязательно | You don't have to come. |
Lesson notes
Обязанность и запрет
Must — обязанность, которую говорящий сам считает важной. Форма одна для всех лиц, после must глагол идёт без to: I must finish this report today.
Have to — обязанность из-за правил или обстоятельств; в третьем лице единственного числа — has to:
• I have to work on Saturday.
• She has to wear a uniform at school.
Вопрос и отрицание у have to строятся через do и does:
• Do you have to show a passport here?
• Does he have to take an exam in June?
• Children don't have to pay (не обязаны платить).
Mustn't — запрет, «нельзя»:
• You mustn't smoke in the hospital.
• You mustn't use a phone during an exam.
Так неправильно:
• NOT «She must to go» → «She must go».
• NOT «She haves to work» → «She has to work».
• NOT «Have you to work?» → «Do you have to work?».